Poland - Nivea ages gracefully

Nivea Polska earned a net profit of zł.60 million on sales of zł.515 million last year, up from zł.37.4 million and zł.445 million, respectively.


Nivea's Poznań plant put out 74.7 million units last year, with domestic sales accounting for 56% and the rest in exports, mainly to the EU. This year the company celebrates its 95th birthday.

Source: wbj. For more info Wbj.pl

Poland - Lot presidency

The conflict around Lot is intensifying. Representatives of Lot's shareholders, the Treasury and SAirLines (Swissair's liquidator), met to discuss the appointment of a new president.


The seat has been empty since November 14. Currently Tomasz Dębski is the firm's acting president. He has the support of the Treasury, but Lot's employees and SAirLines are against installing him on a permanent basis. (Poland A.M.)

Source: wbj. For more info Wbj.pl

Poland - Leading private equity fund Enterprise Investors (EI) purchased 100 Komfort stores which sell carpets, floor coverings and panels.

The value of the transaction was not revealed, but it is known that half of it will be financed from the fund's own resources and half by BZ WBK bank. EI wants to open 10 stores a year and move some existing stores. EI still has to obtain consent from the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection.
Source: wbj. For more info Wbj.pl

Poland - Bytom announces new strategy

Bytom, a producer and distributor of menswear, is planning to expand its product portfolio. The company intends to introduce a “tailor made” service on a large scale.


In 2009 it wants to reach a level of 15,000 garments per year, which is expected to bring the producer sales worth PLN 12m (€3.1m) with a 60% profitability rate. This was announced by Artur Morawiec, Bytom’s senior analyst, at a press conference.


Furthermore, in the autumn of this year the producer intends to launch new products under its Bytom name. These will be shirts, ties and knitwear.


Bytom is also planning to allocate more funds toward promotion – in 2007 2-3% of its sales revenue will be used for this, with a 5% share as a future target.

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - Kolastyna to increase its market share

Kolastyna Group, a cosmetics producer, is to debut on the stock exchange at the beginning of February. The value of its IPO is expected to reach PLN 52.5m (€13.8m). The company is to allocate the funds for strengthening of the group’s operations, Andrzej Grzegorzewski, the company’s president, said at a press conference.

The Group is to spend PLN 26-28m (€6.8-7.4m) on consolidation activities on the Polish market – it plans to take over some production companies, including some offering upmarket cosmetics products. It may also acquire brands only or create the brands by itself. The company announced that it is already at an advanced stage of talks with a potential target, annual turnover of which amounts to PLN 10-30m (€2.6-7.9m).

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - Monnari purchases controlling interest in Monolit

Monnari, a producer and retailer of women’s clothing, has acquired a 51% stake in Monolit, a clothing trading company, for PLN 25,500 (€6,540). The bidder paid in cash. At the same time Molton, an operator of the Molton clothing retail chain, acquired the remaining 49% of the securities of the latter and became its second shareholder.
Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - Ansell’s Unimil bid proves successful

Ansell Ltd., the world's largest manufacturer of protective gloves and a leading condom maker, said that its subsidiary, Ansell Healthcare Europe, secured approx. 83% of the shares in Unimil, Poland’s largest condom maker, on Friday 2 February. Thus, the minimum acceptable 75% threshold, stipulated as a condition for deeming the tender successful, has been achieved. At an offer price of PLN 5.9 (€1.5) per share, the acquired stake is worth PLN 121.6m (€31.2m).


“The acquisition of the strong Unimil brands together with market shares of approximately 50% in Poland and 8% in Germany, is a significant boost to Ansell’s interests in Europe,” Ansell’s senior vice president, Werner Heintz, recently commented. “Unimil’s dedicated management and employees, respected brands and additional manufacturing operations provide important growth opportunities,” Ansell’s CEO, Doug Tough, added.

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland: CEDC: the exclusive distributor of Campari in Poland

CEDC (the Central European Distribution Corporation), a leading producer and distributor of spirits on the Polish market, has signed a contract with Gruppo Campari. As a result of the agreement, on 1 January 2007 the company became the exclusive importer and distributor of Campari products in Poland.
Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - More Okocim beer in British pubs

Carlsberg Polska, the third largest beer brewer in Poland, is planning to introduce its Okocim beer brand in barrels in British pubs. The move may even take place this year. The draught beer will, initially, be launched in London, where most Poles live, and then introduced in other British cities.


The company wants to benefit from its experience gained on the US market, where it sells draught beer at over 120 pubs and restaurants, according to Bogumil Turski, the export director at Carlsberg Polska, quoted in Rzeczpospolita.


So far Carlsberg has sold Okocim in bottles in the UK. The beer can be purchased in more than 600 pubs belonging to the British JD Wetherspoon chain, where the beers of the other Polish breweries, Kompania Piwowarska and Grupa Zywiec, are also available. In 2006, the sales of Okocim in the chain doubled in value. However, it will be more difficult to repeat this success with draught beer. There are more beer brands in British pubs, and many of them have been sold there for years. Mr Turski added that, in addition, the distribution of draught beer is much more costly, even if it promotes brand loyalty.

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - Brewers report higher than anticipated sales

Polish breweries sold 32.47 million hl of beer in 2006, which represents significant growth on the year, i.e. 7.2%. This dynamic was much higher than the figure of 2-3% expected by industry representatives at the beginning of last year.

The considerable surge in beer consumption was due to three main factors: an overall increase in consumer purchasing power, conducive weather conditions and the Football World Cup, Pawel Sudol, the president of the Association of Employers of the Beer Industry (ZPPP), claimed at a recent press conference.

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - Wrigley breached antimonopoly law?

The Office for Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) has instigated a legal probe to find out whether Wrigley, the leading chewing gum producer in Poland, breached antimonopoly law.

The UOKiK is to check whether the company, which controls 90% of the Polish chewing gum market, abused its leading position by using a discount system which would discriminate against some of its business partners. According to documents collected by the UOKiK, the Wrigley system would be a loyalty scheme which promised only selected partners lower prices in lieu of a guarantee of further purchases at the supplier.

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - Mispol acquires Agrovita

has announced that it signed an agreement pertaining to acquisition of a 100% stake in Agrovita Bialystok, one of the leading producers of convenience meals in Poland. The value of the transaction may range from PLN 12.7m (€3.3m) to PLN 15m (€3.9m), and depends on the form of payment for the stake, which the bidder is to pay with cash or own shares.


Mispol declared that, over the next three year, it will invest at least PLN 3m (€0.8m) in Agrovita.


The acquisition is to result in an increase of Mispol’s share in the Polish traditional ready-to-eat meals market along with an increase in its production capacity of modern ready-to-eat meals, according to Marek Piatkowski, Mispol’s president.

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - Gzella to expand to southern Poland

Gzella, a meat processor, which operates a retail chain of 93 of its own specialised butchers’ shops in northern Poland, intends to expand to the southern part of the country.


This year the company wants to open another 20 stores in northern and central Poland, but it is considering opening its first shops in the south. If such a decision is made, the producer is expected to establish its third distribution centre, this time in southern Poland.

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - Carrefour reports on 2006 sales

Carrefour has reported that in 2006 in Poland its sales (including VAT) were worth €1,359m, in contrast to the €1,173m reported for 2005. At a constant exchange rate this represented a 12.3% improvement.

In addition, the retailer announced that the performance of the Polish branch accelerated in Q4 2006 in particular, when the unit saw a 13.9% year-on-year improvement in sales (at a constant exchange rate).

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - Piotr i Pawel aims at over PLN 1bn

The domestic operator of delicatessen stores trading under the Piotr i Pawel name posted turnover of PLN 820m (€216m) in 2006, which is 17% more than for 2005. In 2007, the retailer plans to post sales exceeding PLN 1bn (€263m).

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - E.Leclerc reports on 2006

France’s E.Leclerc stores in Poland turned over a total of PLN 1,915m (€491m) in 2006. This amount represented year-on-year growth of 6.4%.


There were three E.Leclerc stores launched during the year: a supermarket in Olesnica (retail area of 2,000 m²) opened for business in April, and two hypermarkets - in Kielce and Slupsk (of about 4,000 m² each) - opened in November. In addition, a shopping gallery next to the Zana Street store in Lublin has been expanded.

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - Carrefour to invest PLN 500m

In 2007, Carrefour Polska, which runs hypermarkets under the Carrefour name in Poland, along with the Champion/Globi and Carrefour Express supermarkets, intends to invest some PLN 500m (€128m) in the country. Two of Carrefour’s largest competitors, Biedronka and Tesco, have also announced an intention to develop their existing chains, at a cost of PLN 600m (€154m) and PLN 600-700m (€154-180m), respectively in 2007.


In 2007 Carrefour plans to open at least seven hypermarkets and 14 supermarkets. In addition, a chain of franchise neighbourhood stores is to be launched, and negotiations on the management of stores on petrol station forecourts are also underway. In addition, the retailer is to incorporate some 200 stores to be taken over from Ahold. The €375m transaction has yet to be approved by the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK).

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Poland - EI to boost development of Komfort

Two private equity funds managed by Enterprise Investors (EI) have signed an agreement to purchase 100% of the Komfort flooring retail chain. The transaction will take the form of a buyout, with half of the transaction financed by a loan provided by Bank Zachodni WBK. The value of the deal, which is still subject to the approval of the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK), has not, however, been revealed.

Agnieszka Kowalska, a partner at Enterprise Investors, claims the EI wants to realise the company’s substantial potential for rapid growth by further expanding its store network and launching some 10 outlets a year. “In our opinion this will give Komfort a good chance of growing dynamically not just in Poland but potentially also in other CEE countries. Our probable exit route will be through an IPO within a few years,” added Ms Kowalska.

Source: PMR. For more info Retailpoland.com

Slovakia - Asseco buys Datalock

On 8 January Asseco Slovakia signed an acquisition contract with Datalock.

Jozef Klein, the chairman and managing director of Asseco Slovakia, told the SITA news agency that the company is planning further acquisitions this year. He also pointed out that the acquisition of Datalock may be compared with that of Slovanet because Asseco Slovakia owns a 51% stake in both of the firms. He added that Asseco does not plan to increase its share in the company for the moment unless its shareholders want to sell their shares in Datalock.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Slovakia - CRM varies from one telecom company to another

A United Interactive survey on the quality and level of electronic communication in 11 contact centres operating in the telecoms industry, carried out at the end of 2006, found that Slovanet is the most effective company with regard to communication with its customers.

United Interactive said in a press release that the survey’s results suggest that some companies are still failing to take proper care of their customers when communicating via e-mail and by other electronic means.

United Interactive evaluated companies by means of the e-CPI index (the e-Contact Performance Index), which includes mystery shopping. The maximum score was 100, and Slovanet, the company which led the field, received 71.3 points. T-Mobile was in second place, with 66, followed by T-Com with 63.6 and Orange with 61.5.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Slovakia - Half of internet users connect from home

More than one-third of Slovak citizens (37%) use the internet on a regular basis, according to a recent survey carried out by TNS SK, and quoted by SME.

More than half of internet users surf from home. The constant increase in internet use in Slovakia is based on the falling prices of computers and internet services, according to Juraj Sabaka, the president of the Slovak IT Association.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Russia - 2 million PCs sold in Q3 2006

In Q3 2006 deliveries to Russia of PCs and Intel architecture servers involved 1.98m items, 32% more than in the equivalent period of 2005, according to Interfax, which was quoting recent data published by IDC, a market research company. The notebook market grew by 108% during the same period. Portable computers have, therefore, enjoyed greater prominence with regard to overall PC deliveries, accounting for 27%.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Russia - Mobile penetration rates in Russia and Ukraine exceeded 100%

The number of mobile telephony subscribers in Russia grew by 20% year on year and reached 152 million in 2006, AC&M Consulting reported. This means a nationwide penetration rate of 104.6%. The rate in Russia’s two largest markets – Moscow and St. Petersburg – stood at 156% and 139% respectively.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Russia - MTU-Intel leads home broadband market

MTU-Intel, a subsidiary of Comstar-UTS, has been ranked among the largest ISPs in Russia in terms of the number of individual broadband subscribers in 2006, according to a calculation published by iKS-Consulting, a research and consulting company which monitors the Russian telecommunications market.

MTU-Intel is followed by Komkor-TV, VolgaTelecom and Corbina Telecom, but their subscriber bases were less than a third that of MTU.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Poland - Commercial launch of P4 by the end of Q1 2007

P4, a mobile operator licensed to provide 3G telephony services, intends to have 1,500 base stations by the end of 2007 and to cover 20% of the country’s population in the eight largest cities. It is expected to have 2,500 base stations by the end of 2008.

The company wants to offer its services on a commercial basis by the end of the first quarter of the year, although the precise date is not yet known. P4 has stated that it is not interested in becoming a niche operator, but that it is going to win clients from existing operators. The operator’s CEO, Chris Bannister, announced that P4 is to adopt an aggressive pricing policy to attract clients. According to Presserwis, the operator also plans to spend around PLN 250m (€64.4m) on an advertising campaign.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Poland - Regional court to reconsider arbitration ruling on PTC

The Supreme Court has ordered a regional court to re-examine the ruling of the Vienna International Court of Arbitration on the ownership of a 48% stake in PTC, the operator of the Era and Heyah mobile networks.

The Court of Arbitration ruled that the shares of the mobile operator were owned by Elektrim and that the transfer of the stake to Elektrim Telekomunikacja (ET) had been invalid. The regional court decided that the ruling of the Court of Arbitration is valid in Poland. On this basis Deutsche Telekom (DT) exercised the buy option for the Elektrim stake and thus became the owner of 97% of the Polish mobile operator.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Poland - UKE: real mobile penetration rate is 64%

The Office of Electronic Communications (UKE) has announced that 90% of people in Poland use telephone services (regardless of the technology used). This is one of the findings of a survey commissioned by the telecoms market regulator and carried out by CBM Indicator.


66% of respondents owned a fixed-line telephone, whereas the mobile penetration rate is 64% of the population. The figure is different from that reported recently by the Central Statistical Office (GUS), which stated that there are 36.7m active SIM cards in Poland, the equivalent of 96% of the population. According to the mobile operators, at the end of 2006 there were 30-33m mobile users in Poland.


TP SA lines are used by almost 91% of those who have a fixed-line telephone. 6% of respondents use the services of Tele2, and fewer than 5% are signed up with Telefonia Dialog.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Hungary - 9.76 million mobile phone users in November

The total number of mobile phone subscribers in Hungary exceeded 9.76 million in November 2006, the Hungarian Telecommunication Authority (NHH) reported. This translates into a 6.8% increase year on year and is 1.2% up on October. Meanwhile, the mobile penetration rate amounted to 96.9%, as compared with 90.7% a year earlier.

More than 93% of all users, i.e. over 9.08 million, have generated traffic in the past three months and can be considered to be active users.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Hungary - Vodafone: 20,000 fixed-line subscribers

Vodafone Hungary’s fixed-line telephone service currently boasts 20,000 subscribers, according to Gyorgy Beck, the company’s CEO. The service, which was launched at the beginning of November 2006, provides customers with both fixed-line and mobile phone services through a single handset.


Vodafone is the smallest player of the three mobile operators present on the Hungarian market. In November 2006 the company had about 2.1 million subscribers, which translates into a 21.3% market share.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Hungary - Broadband internet subscribers up by 41,000

The total number of broadband internet subscribers in Hungary amounted to 859,000 at the end of November 2006. This is 41,000 higher than the month before, the National Communication Authority (NHH) reported.

DSL remains the main means of internet access in Hungary. There were 582,000 such connections in November, 58% more than a year earlier. The number of CaTV-based internet subscribers totalled 277,000.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Hungary -

The total number of broadband internet subscribers in Hungary amounted to 859,000 at the end of November 2006. This is 41,000 higher than the month before, the National Communication Authority (NHH) reported.

DSL remains the main means of internet access in Hungary. There were 582,000 such connections in November, 58% more than a year earlier. The number of CaTV-based internet subscribers totalled 277,000.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Czech Republic - Fourth mobile phone operator arrives

The fourth mobile phone operator is likely to embark upon the Czech market after the country’s regulator has granted its approval.

Pravo reports that the Czech Telecoms Office (CTU) has granted a frequency and numbers to a new operator. The operator has not yet been named, but the local newspaper says that the licence is held by the Austrian operator MobilKom.

The new network will operate in the 410-430 MHz band, in accordance with the CDMA standard, unlike the other three operators on the market, who now work in accordance with the GSM standard. The service will be available to 97% of the country’s population.

MobilKom will compete on the Czech market with the existing operators: Telefonica O2, Vodafone and T-Mobile. Representatives of O2 and T-Mobile have already confirmed that MobilKom has requested access to their networks. The Penta financial group, which is backing MobilKom, confirmed its intention to enter the Czech mobile market this year.

Source: PMR. For more info Ceeitandtelecom.com

Poland - PPI declines in November

The producer price index (PPI) amounted to 2.6% year on year in November, which was lower than in the previous month, GUS reported. The market had expected the PPI to be above 3%.
Over the last 12 months the highest growth in producer prices (of close to 15%) was noted in the mining-quarrying sector, mainly on account of a surge in metal ore mining prices. Prices in the electricity, gas and water supply sector were also much higher than in November 2005, while prices remained moderate in the manufacturing sector.

Source: PMR. For more info Polishmarket.com

Poland - High wage growth in December

The average gross monthly wage in the enterprise sector amounted to PLN 3,028 (approximately €795) in December, which is 8.5% higher than during the corresponding month of 2005, GUS reported. The market had expected a slower growth rate, i.e. in the region of 5.7% year on year.


During the last dozen or so months, wage growth in enterprises has oscillated around 5% year on year. The higher wage growth in December (just as was the case with the relatively lower growth rate in November) was, to a great extent, a statistical effect caused by the fact that bonuses in the mining sector were paid out according to a different timetable in 2006 than in 2005.


In 2006 as a whole the average gross monthly wage in the enterprise sector was 5.1% higher than a year earlier. We expect the high wage growth to continue in the coming months. In our opinion, wage growth should be in the region of 6% in 2007 thanks to continuing rapid economic growth, healthy financial condition of enterprises, falling unemployment and the strong outflow of labour abroad.

Source: PMR. For more info Polishmarket.com

Poland - High wage growth in December

The average gross monthly wage in the enterprise sector amounted to PLN 3,028 (approximately €795) in December, which is 8.5% higher than during the corresponding month of 2005, GUS reported. The market had expected a slower growth rate, i.e. in the region of 5.7% year on year.


During the last dozen or so months, wage growth in enterprises has oscillated around 5% year on year. The higher wage growth in December (just as was the case with the relatively lower growth rate in November) was, to a great extent, a statistical effect caused by the fact that bonuses in the mining sector were paid out according to a different timetable in 2006 than in 2005.


In 2006 as a whole the average gross monthly wage in the enterprise sector was 5.1% higher than a year earlier. We expect the high wage growth to continue in the coming months. In our opinion, wage growth should be in the region of 6% in 2007 thanks to continuing rapid economic growth, healthy financial condition of enterprises, falling unemployment and the strong outflow of labour abroad.

Source: PMR. For more info Polishmarket.com

Poles against privatisation of health care, Slovaks in favour, Hungarians on the fence

The Poles, unlike the Slovaks, are the most resistant of the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) nations to the privatisation of health care, according to the results of a survey conducted by a Hungarian research institute Tarki and the Central European Opinion Research Group (CEORG).

In the survey, which was conducted in Poland, Hungary and Slovakia, Slovaks appeared the most open to privatisation in the sector, with the Hungarians somewhere in the middle. Nearly two-thirds of Hungarians would allow some form of private money into certain areas of the healthcare sector.

80% of Hungarians were against the core services in hospitals being run by private firms, but over 50% would opt for privatisation of ancillary hospital care and other non-core services.

Source: PMR. For more info Pharmapoland.com

Bayer to sell Wolff Walsrode do Dow

Bayer, a pharmaceutical and chemical group, is to sell its Wolff Walsrode business group, whose core business is cellulose products, to Dow Chemical Company. Walsrode has two operational plants, including one in Poland.

The transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2007, subject to regulatory approval. The financial terms have not been disclosed.

The move follows an announcement made by Bayer in March 2006 that it would divest its subsidiaries H. C. Starck and Wolff Walsrode AG in order to help finance the acquisition of Schering, according to Bayer management board chairman Werner Wenning.
Wolff Walsrode, with 2005 revenues exceeding $400m, would become an integral part of Dow's Water Soluble Polymers business. It will also provide additional investments in advantaged technologies, growing end-use markets and emerging geographies, according to Andrew Liveris, Dow’s chairman and CEO.

Source: PMR. For more info Pharmapoland.com

Orexo’s Rapinyl to be marketed in CIS, Romania and Bulgaria

Orexo AB and the Hungarian pharmaceutical company Gedeon Richter have announced that they have entered into a distribution agreement under which Gedeon Richter accrues the exclusive rights to market and sell Rapinyl, Orexo’s patented product for management of breakthrough cancer pain. The agreement will cover CIS countries, Bulgaria, and Romania.


According to Zsolt Lavotha, president and CEO of Orexo, the company sees significant opportunities for pharmaceuticals in general and for innovative products such as Rapinyl in particular due to increasing purchasing power in Russia.

Source: PMR. For more info Pharmapoland.com

Actiavis bids for Romanian Antibiotice

Actavis, a drug maker,was among 22 potential bidders to submit a letter of interest in the Romanian government’s 53% stake in Antibiotice Iasi, Robert Wessman, chief executive officer of the Icelander Group, has announced. ActavisGroup is seeking new targets after Barr Pharmaceuticalstrumped it for Pliva in September 2006 to become the world’s third-largest generics maker, behind Israel’s Teva and the Swiss Novartis.

According to Nomura Code, Antibiotice controls about 9% of the market. Actavis already has a share of 8% in Romania’s generic medicine market. With Antibiotice, Actavis could raise its market share to about 17%, challenging Czech drug maker Zentiva. Antiobiotice’s market value is some $300m. Actavis would like to use its production facilities.

Source: PMR. For more info Pharmapoland.com

Hungary: retailers not selling OTC drugs yet

Although the 289-item list of OTC drugs that can be sold outside pharmacies was made public several weeks ago, retailers are not queuing up for the licence.

According to Chief Pharmacy Officer, Csaba Antal, selling these products requires considerable investment. Consequently gas companies like Agip, Mol, Shell and OMV, retail chains like Tesco and DM and wholesale suppliers like Lekkerland, all of which have expressed an interest in stocking OTC drugs, are still waiting for further details and information.

Source: PMR. For more info Pharmapoland.com

Hesperion expands in Eastern Europe

Hesperion, a contract research organisation (CRO) and a subsidiary of Cerep, has opened a new office in Moscow. The company considers this a major step in its Eastern Europe expansion and a factor that will increase its attractiveness in the eyes of clinical trial sponsors wishing to conduct global research.

Hesperion’s Russian office is to provide a full range of standard CRO services, in addition to specialised facilities necessary due to the specific legal and regulatory requirements in Russia. One extra service offered is registration of new medications on the Russian market.
Aspects that should appeal to potential sponsors are Hesperion Russia’s database of research sites, covering the European part of Russia as well as Siberia and the Far East, and its staff – local CRAs, doctors specialising in cardiology, oncology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, paediatrics, gynaecology and psychiatry.

According to Dr. Markus Weissbach, CEO of Hesperion, the Russian office will also be a convenient location for managing studies in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and other neighbouring countries.

Source: PMR. For more info Pharmapoland.com

Navamedic: final agreement with Gruenenthal for CEE

Navamedic, a Norwegian manufacturer of glucosamine-based products, has signed a final agreement with Gruenenthal, a pharma firm of German origin, for marketing and distribution of its glucosamine product Glucomed/Flexove for a range of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries, including Poland.

The agreement was signed for a period of 10 years. The other countries covered by the agreement are the Czech Republic, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Slovakia, Russia and Ukraine. Austria may also be added to the seven countries already covered by the agreement. The companies signed a framework agreement for this market on 10 January, and the final agreement is expected to be formally signed before the end of March 2007.

Source: PMR. For more info Pharmapoland.com

Solvay: agreement with Bioprojet on racecadotril

Solvay Pharmaceuticals, an international chemicals and pharmaceuticals group, has signed an agreement with Bioprojet, a French pharmaceutical company,to extend its gastroenterology portfolio to include racecadotril, a treatment for acute diarrhoea. The deal also covers Poland.

Solvay has registration agreements and exclusive distribution rights for a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Western Europe, Canada, South Africa and India, as well as other countries in Europe and Asia.
In addition to Poland, other CEE countries covered under the agreement are the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and the Balkans. In Western Europe the markets included are Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark and Austria.

Source: PMR. For more info Pharmapoland.com

Poland - Seven pharmacies banned from advertising

In January 2006 the Main Pharmaceutical Inspectorate (GIF) issued as many as seven advertising bans to specific pharmacies in Poland. Most of the bans concerned advertising folders containing information about the pharmacy’s products and services, supposedly Rx drugs. Surprisingly, in 2006 GIF did not issue even one such pharmacy advertising ban, even though the same law prohibiting advertisement of Rx or reimbursed drugs to the public was already in force.

Dr Ewa Skrzydlo-Tefelska of Soltysinski Kawecki & Szlezak, a law firm, told Pharma Poland News that such action by the GIF is justified by the current law. All market players should refrain from advertising Rx drugs to the public, including pharmacies. As it is hard to believe that not even one pharmacy advertised its products in such a way last year, the most likely explanation for these bans is the more thorough execution by the GIF of its duties this year. It may also have received tip-offs from the competition of the pharmacies concerned.

Source: PMR. For more info Pharmapoland.com

Poland and Lithuania to build energy bridge

Poland and Lithuania have signed an agreement in Vilnius regarding the future construction of an energy bridge – trans-border link connecting the national power systems of the two countries. The aim of the bridge is to improve energy security in the region.

The project will involve not only building a Elk-Olita trans-border line, but also a line within the Polish system itself that will link up the investment with the National Power System. The total cost of technically integrating the energy systems of both states is estimated to be around €290m.

Construction of the bridge is due to begin in 2007 and will be completed by 2011. Thanks to the new connection with Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia will be able to incorporate their networks into the European energy system.

Source: PMR. For more info Polishmarket.com

400 tenements" programme underway in Wroclaw

The Wroclaw municipality has launched its four-year “400 tenements” programme. The project, which involves the renovation of 400 council buildings, will set the city back around PLN 250m (€64.4m).

Over the next four years 25,000 Wroclawians residing in municipality-owned buildings will benefit from renovated roofs and stairwells, new windows and freshly painted walls – including external facades. Up till now the municipality has been renovating 30 tenements a year. From now on at least 100 buildings will receive a facelift annually. The programme concerns buildings wholly owned by the municipality.

Source: PMR. For more info Polishmarket.com

Decisions issued on the construction of several new bypasses

Last week, the authorities gave the go-ahead for construction work to begin on several bypasses planned for Polish towns and cities.

The Krakow branch of the General Directorate of National Roads and Motorways (GDDKiA) announced that a bypass on national road No. 28 is to be built near Limanowa, a town with a population of 15,000 inhabitants (Malopolskie voivodship). The project will cost around PLN 40m (€10.2m) and is planned for 2009-2010.

Meanwhile, two bypasses planned for Gostynin and Plonsk (Mazowieckie voivodship) will be ready by 2009.

The tender for the 8.5 km Gostynin ring road, which will lie on route No. 60, will be announced in the spring. The investment will cost more than PLN 80m (€20.5m). This year should also see the launch of construction work on a northern ring road for the town on route 265 leading to city of Kowal.

Source: PMR. For more info Polishmarket.com

Summary of 2006 on the Polish market of tenders for construction works

Over half of the tenders and orders announced in 2006 for services, project execution and deliveries concerned construction works. On a disquieting note, in the past year the industry began to note tenders that were not finalised because of overly high bids.

Source: PMR. For more info Polishmarket.com

PKN Orlen takes over Mazeikiu Nafta

PKN Orlen, the largest Polish petrochemical concern, paid $2.3bn to become the owner of an 84.36% stake in the Lithuanian refinery Mazeikiu Nafta.
PKN Orlen purchased a block of 53.7% shares from the Russian concern Yukos and another 30.66% from the government of Lithuania.

The PKN Orlen acquisition of the majority stake in Mazeikiu Nafta represents the largest investment in the refinery and petrochemical sector of Central and Eastern Europe of recent years. Concurrently, it is the largest foreign investment ever made by a Polish company. The transaction gives the region its largest enterprise in the refining and petrochemical industry, capable of processing 31.7 tonnes of crude a year, with 2,732 petrol stations in Poland, German, the Czech Republic and Lithuania.

Source: PMR. For more info Polishmarket.com

Polish economy in 2006: steadfast consolidation of positive trends

We already know the data pertaining to most of last year’s macroeconomic figures. They form a very positive image of the Polish economy. GDP grew by 5.8% in 2006 and economic growth accelerated steadily every quarter, fuelled by strong domestic consumption and investments, amidst low inflation and a steady improvement on the labour market. What is more, the forecasts for 2007 remain just as favourable.

Source: PMR. For more info - Polishmarket.com

Ukraine Economy

Ukraine represents one of top thirty world economies, with below average per capita income, and above average economic growth.

In the Soviet times, the economy of the republic was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important industrial and agricultural component of country's planned economy. With the collapse of Soviet system, the country progressed toward a market economy, but the move was somewhat longer and more painful than the proponents of shock therapy were to advise.

In 1991, the government liberalized most prices in order to combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the problem. In the same time, the government continued to subside the government-owned industries and agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary policies of early 1990s pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels. For the year 1993 Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar year. The prices stabilized only after the introduction of new currency, hryvnia in 1996.

The country was also slow in the implementation of structural reforms. Following independence, the government erected a legal framework for privatization. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government and from a significant part of population soon stalled the reform efforts. A large number of governed-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatization process. Meantime, by 1999, the output had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level.

Since the late 1990s the government has pledged to reduce the number of government agencies, streamline the regulatory process, create a legal environment to encourage entrepreneurs, and enact a comprehensive tax overhaul. Outside institutions—particularly the IMF—have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms and have threatened to withdraw financial support. But reforms in some politically sensitive areas of structural reform and land privatizations are still lagging.

In early 2000s the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5% to 10%, with industrial production growing more than 10% per year. The growth was largely attributed to a surge in exports of metals and chemicals to China.

In 2005, the economic growth temporary slowed down due to unfavorable changes in terms of trade, as world energy prices went up and metal prices went down. In 2006, the economy is again experiencing above 5% growth. The growth was undergirded by strong domestic demand and growing consumer and investor confidence.

The current Ukrainian economy is a typical example of a post-soviet era developing economy. The World Bank classifies Ukraine as a lower middle-income state. Some significant issues are underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy, and a lack of modern-minded professionals - despite the large number of universities. But the rapidly growing Ukrainian economy has a very interesting emerging market with a relatively big population, and large profits associated with the high risks.[4] The Ukrainian stock market grew up 10 times between 2000 and 2006, including the tremendous 341% growth in 2004, followed by 28% growth in 2005, and 24% growth in 2006.

The average nominal salary in Ukraine on November 2006 was 1103.9 UAH, which is around 170 EUR, according to the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine. For 2006, the Index of Economic Freedom of Ukraine was 3.24, rank 99 amongst 157 states.

The country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas, and to a large extent depends on Russia as the only monopolistic energy supplier, although lately Ukraine has been trying to diversify its sources.

Info from - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine

Slovakia Economy

Slovakia has mastered much of the difficult transition from a centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. The Slovak government made progress in 2001 in macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform. Major privatizations are nearly complete, the banking sector is almost completely in foreign hands, and foreign investment has picked up. Slovakia's economy exceeded expectations in the early 2000s, despite recession in key export markets.

Solid domestic demand boosted economic growth to 4.1% in 2002. Strong export growth, in turn, pushed economic growth to a still-strong 4.2% in 2003 and 5.4% in 2004, despite a downturn in household consumption. Multiple reasons entailed a GDP growth of 6% in 2005, the 4th highest rate in the EU (after the three Baltic states). The GDP growth is expected to reach at least 7.7% in 2006 (the year-to-year growth amounted to unexpected 9.8% in the 3th quarter, which helped to increase the overall year economy growth expectation to 7.7%), and 6.5% in 2007. The 9.8% growth came as a surprise to local analysts (6 % were expected), given that the big foreign investor Kia is going to launch its production only in late 2006.

Unemployment, rising from 14.9 % at the end of 1998 to 19.2% at the end of 2001 (seasonally adjusted harmonised rate) during the radical reforms introduced by the Slovak government since 1999, decreased again to some 12% (autumn 2006), but still remains among the highest ones in the EU.

Inflation dropped from an average annual rate of 12.0% in 2000 to just 3.3% in the election year 2002, but it rose again in 2003-2004 because of increases in taxes and regulated prices. It reached 3.7 % in 2005.

Slovakia plans to adopt the Euro currency on 1 January 2009 and has already entered the ERM II for this purpose (Slovak euro coins).

Slovakia is among the most attractive countries in the EU for foreign investors mainly because of its low labour costs (a 2005 survey by the prominent consultant firm Deloitte shows that Slovakia has the lowest labour costs in the European Union) and low tax rates. This issue has sparked criticism from some other EU countries, which accuse Slovak government of social and tax dumping. In recent years, Slovakia has been pursuing a policy of encouraging foreign investment. However, that has not shown any benefits so far in innovation capabilities within the country.

Despite a sufficient number of researchers and a solid secondary educational system, Slovakia (as well as some other post-communist countries) still faces many challenges in the field of modern knowledge economy. Within the EU, Slovakia ranks next to last on knowledge creation and last for innovation and entrepreneurship. The business and public R&D expenditures are deeply below EU average. World Bank urges Slovakia to upgrade information infrastructure and reform education system, OECD states that a stronger product market competition would help.


Info from - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia

Russia Economy

Introduction
More than a decade after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia is now trying to further develop a market economy and achieve more consistent economic growth. Russia saw its comparatively developed centrally planned economy contract severely for five years, as the executive and the legislature dithered over the implementation of reforms and Russia's aging industrial base faced a serious decline.


Crash
After the breakup of the Soviet Union, Russia's first slight recovery, showing signs of open-market influence, occurred in 1997. That year, however, the Asian financial crisis culminated in the August depreciation of the ruble. This was followed by a debt default by the government in 1998, and a sharp deterioration in living standards for most of the population. Consequently, 1998 was marked by recession and an intense capital flight.


Recovery
Alexei Kudrin, Russian finance minister.Nevertheless, the economy started recovering in 1999. The recovery was greatly assisted by the weak ruble, which made imports expensive and boosted local production. Then it entered a phase of rapid economic expansion, the GDP growing by an average of 6.7% annually in 1999–2005 on the back of higher petroleum prices, a weaker ruble, and increasing service production and industrial output. The country is presently running a huge trade surplus, which has been helped by protective import barriers, and rampant corruption which ensures that it is almost impossible for foreign and local SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises) to import goods without the help of local specialist import firms, such as the Russia Import Company. Some import barriers are expected to be abolished after Russia's accession to the WTO.

The recent recovery, made possible due to high world oil prices, along with a renewed government effort in 2000 and 2001 to advance lagging structural reforms, has raised business and investor confidence over Russia's prospects in its second decade of transition. Russia remains heavily dependent on exports of commodities, particularly oil, natural gas, metals, and timber, which account for about 80% of exports, leaving the country vulnerable to swings in world prices. Industrial military exports after undergoing sharp contraction is now the major non-commodity export. In recent years, however, the economy has also been driven by growing internal consumer demand that has increased by over 12% annually in 2000–2005, showing the strengthening of its own internal market.

The economic development of the country has been extremely uneven: the Moscow region contributes one-third of the country's GDP while having only a tenth of its population. GDP increased by 7.2% in 2004, 6.4% in 2005 and about 7% in 2006.


Recent economy
The country's GDP (PPP) soared to $1.5 trillion in 2004, making it the ninth largest economy in the world and the fifth largest in Europe. If the current growth rate is sustained, the country is expected to become the second largest European economy after Germany and the sixth largest in the world within a few years.

In 2005, according to the Federal Service of State Statistics, GDP reached $765 billion nominally (21.7 trillion rubles), equal to $1.6 trillion in international dollars (PPP; purchasing power parity). Inflation was 10.9% percent. Expenditures of the consolidated budget have reached 5942 billion rubles ($215 billion). The government plans to reduce the tax burden, although the time and scale of such a reduction remains undecided. However, some experts believe what official statistic underestimates Russian GDP by 28% because of inaccuracy of decades old statistical system (for example, it didn’t count small enterprises and whole sectors of new economy). IMSG estimated that nominal Russian GDP reached $970 billion in 2005.


1000 ruble note, depicting Yaroslavl.In 2005 Russia exported 241.3 billion dollars and imported 98.5 billion dollars. This means that Russia registered a trade surplus of 142.8 billion dollars in 2005, up about 33% from 2004's foreign trade surplus of $106.1 billion dollars.

It's estimated what direct foreign investment reach at least $23 billion in 2006.

On January 5, 2007 Russia's international reserves reached $303.9 billion nominally and projected to grow to $350–450 billion by the end of 2007 .

Thanks to high oil prices, Russian oil exports totaled $117 billion in 2005 while gas exports totaled $32 billion in the same year. That means that oil and gas made up 60% of total Russian exports in 2005.

Knowing the importance of oil and gas to the economy, a Stabilization Fund was formed by the government in January 2004. This fund takes in revenues from oil and gas exports and is designed to help offset oil market volatility. This fund was also set up in order to prevent the ruble from appreciating. The Stabilization Fund (SF) grew to $76.6 billion in November 2006. Russia's Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Zhukov said in October 2006 the fund will continue to increase over the coming years, and will exceed $149 billion by late 2007 and about $260.4 billion by the end of 2009. Russia is paying off its foreign debt mainly from the Stabilization Fund, which hit $76.9 billion as of July 1. Russia repaid the bulk of its outstanding debt to the Paris Club of Creditor Nations on August 18-21. The debt totaled $1.9 billion as of October 1, compared to $23.7 billion on July 1.

According to the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, the monthly nominal average salary in June 2006 was about 10,975 rubles (about $408 nominally; about $740 PPP), 25.6 percent higher than in June 2005 and 7 percent more than in May 2006.

For the year of 2007, Russia's GDP is projected to grow to about $1.2 trillion nominally (31.2 trillion rubles) that would be about $2.3 trillion PPP and would make Russia the second largest economy in Europe.

Challenge
Some perceive the greatest challenge facing the Russian economy to be encouraging the development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in a business climate with a young and less-than-sufficient functional banking system. Few of Russia's banks are owned by oligarchs, who often use the deposits to lend to their own businesses. The 2005 Milken Institute's ratings place Russia at the 51st place in the world, out of 121 countries by the availability of capital.

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank have attempted to kick-start normal banking practices by making equity and debt investments in a number of banks, but with very limited success.

However, about twenty-five of the biggest banks of Russia get entry into Top 1000 banks of the world by The Banker [13]. Many more Russian banks have very high international ratings by Moody's and Fitch, including "investment" level.

Other problems include disproportional economic development of Russia's own regions. While the huge capital region of Moscow is a bustling, affluent metropolis living on the cutting edge of technology with a per capita income rapidly approaching that of the leading Eurozone economies, much of the country, especially its indigenous and rural communities in Asia, lags significantly behind. Market integration is nonetheless making itself felt in some other sizeable cities such as Saint Petersburg, Kaliningrad, and Ekaterinburg, and recently also in the adjacent rural areas.

The arrest of Russia's wealthiest businessman Mikhail Khodorkovsky on charges of fraud and corruption in relation to the large-scale privatizations organized under then-President Yeltsin, contrary to some expectations, has not caused most foreign investors to worry about the stability of the Russian economy. Most of the large fortunes currently in evidence in Russia are the product of either acquiring government assets at particularly low costs or gaining concessions from the government. Other countries have expressed concerns and worries at the "selective" application of the law against individual businessmen, though government actions have been received positively in Russia. Russia occupies 122th place among 157 countries in the Index of Economic Freedom.


Prospect
Tomsk State University.Encouraging foreign investment is also a major challenge due to legal, cultural, linguistic, economic and political peculiarities of the country. Nevertheless, there has been a significant inflow of capital in recent years from many European investors attracted by cheaper land, labor and higher growth rates than in the rest of Europe

Very high levels of education and societal involvement achieved by the majority of the population, including women and minorities, secular attitudes, mobile class structure, and better integration of various minorities into the mainstream culture set Russia far apart from the majority of the so-called developing countries and even some developed nations.

The country is also benefiting from rising oil prices and has been able very substantially to reduce its formerly huge foreign debt. However, equal redistribution of capital gains from the natural resource industries to other sectors is still a problem. Nonetheless, since 2003, exports of natural resources started decreasing in economic importance as the internal market has strengthened considerably, largely stimulated by intense construction, as well as consumption of increasingly diverse goods and services. Yet teaching customers and encouraging consumer spending is a relatively tough task for many provincial areas where consumer demand is primitive. However, some laudable progress has been made in larger cities, especially in the clothing, food, and entertainment industries.

Additionally, some international firms are investing in Russia. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Russia had nearly $26 billion in cumulative foreign direct investment inflows during the period (of which $11.7 billion occurred in 2004).

Russia faces considerable income inequalities that hinder Russia's potential to become a more diversified economy.

Info from - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia

Romania Economy

With a GDP per capita (PPP) of $9,446[11] in 2006, Romania is considered an upper-middle income economy[12] and has been part of the European Union since 1 January 2007. After the Communist regime was overthrown in late 1989, the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onwards, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative macroeconomic stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2004, GDP growth was 8.4%, one of the highest in Europe, even though this rate was halved in 2005, to 4.1%,[11] mainly due to floods in significant agricultural areas. For the first three quarters of 2006, the year-to-year growth was 7.8%.[13] Unemployment in Romania was at 5.0% in September 2006[14] which is very low compared to other middle-sized or large European countries such as Poland, France, Germany and Spain. Foreign debt is also comparatively low, at 20.3% of GDP.[15] Exports have increased substantially in the past few years, with a 25% year-on-year rise in exports in the first quarter of 2006. Romania's main exports are clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, cars, military equipment, software, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The country, however, maintains a large trade deficit, as it imports 37% more goods than it exports.

After a series of privatisations and reforms in the late 1990s and early 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat lower than in other European economies.[16] In 2005, the liberal-democrat Tăriceanu government replaced Romania's progressive tax system with a flat tax of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, resulting in the country having one of the lowest fiscal burdens in Europe, a factor which has contributed to the growth of the private sector. The economy is predominantly based on services, which account for 55% of GDP, even though industry and agriculture also have significant contributions, making up 35% and 10% of GDP, respectively. Additionally, 32% of the Romanian population is employed in agriculture and primary production, one of the highest rates in Europe.[15] Since 2000, Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment, becoming the single largest investment destination in Southeastern and Central Europe. Foreign direct investment was valued at $6.3 billion in 2005.[17] According to a 2006 World Bank report, Romania is currently ranked 49th out of 175 economies in the ease of doing business, scoring higher than other countries in the region such as Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic.[18] Additionally, the same study judged it to be the world's second-fastest economic reformer in 2006.[19] The average gross wage per month in Romania is 1213 lei as of November 2006,[20] equating to €356.55 (US$460.80) based on international exchange rates and $765.78 based on purchasing power parity.[21]

Info from - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania

Moldova Economy

Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, Moldovan wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of petroleum, coal, and natural gas, largely from Russia. Energy shortages contributed to sharp production declines after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. As part of an ambitious economic liberalization effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the World Bank and the IMF to promote growth. Recent trends indicate that the communist government intends to reverse some of these policies, and recollectivise land while placing more restrictions on private business. The economy returned to positive growth, of 2.1% in 2000 and 6.1% in 2001. Growth remained strong in 2002, in part because of the reforms and because of starting from a small base. Further liberalization is in doubt because of strong political forces backing government controls. The economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor agricultural weather, and the skepticism of foreign investors.

Following the regional financial crisis in 1998, Moldova has made significant progress towards achieving and retaining macroeconomic and financial stabilization. It has, furthermore, implemented many structural and institutional reforms that are indispensable for the efficient functioning of a market economy. These efforts have helped maintain macroeconomic and financial stability under difficult external circumstances, enabled the resumption of economic growth and contributed to establishing an environment conducive to the economy’s further growth and development in the medium term. Despite these efforts, and despite the recent resumption of economic growth, Moldova still ranks low in terms of commonly-used living standards and human development indicators in comparison with other transition economies. Although the economy experienced a constant economic growth after 2000: with 2.1%, 6.1%, 7,8% and 6,3% between 2000 and 2003 (with a forecast of 8% in 2004), one can observe that these latest developments hardly reach the level of 1994, with almost 40% of the GDP registered in 1990. Thus, during the last decade little has been done to reduce the country’s vulnerability. After a severe economic decline, social and economic challenges, energy uprooted dependencies; Moldova continues to occupy one of the last places among the European countries according to the income per capita. In 2002 (Human Development Report 2004), in Moldova the registered GDP per capita was US $381 equivalent to US $ 1,470 PPP, which is 5.3 times lower that the world average (US $ 7,804). Moreover, GDP per capita is under the average of all regions in the world, including Sub-Saharan Africa (US $ 1,790 PPP). In 2004, about 40% of population were under the absolute poverty line and registered an income lower than US $ 2.15 -purchasing power equivalent- per day. Moldova is classified as medium human development and is placed on the 113 spot in the list of 177 countries. The value of the Human Development Index (0.681) is below the world average. Moldova remains the poorest country in Europe in terms of GDP per capita: $ 2,500 in 2006.

Info from - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova

Poland Economy

Since the fall of communism, Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and today stands out as one of the most successful and open examples of the transition from a partially state-directed economy to a primarily privately owned market economy.

The privatisation of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms have allowed the development of an aggressive private sector, followed by a development of consumer rights organisations later on. Restructuring and privatisation of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, railways, and energy) has begun. The government plans to float 20 public companies on the stock market in the years 2007-2010, including parts of the coal industry. The biggest privatisations so far were a sale of Telekomunikacja Polska, a national telecom to France Telecom (2000) and an issue of 30% shares of the biggest Polish bank, PKO BP, on the Polish stockmarket (2004).

Poland has a large agricultural sector of private farms, that could be a leading producer of food in the European Union now that Poland is a member. Challenges remain, especially under-investment. Structural reforms in health care, education, the pension system, and state administration have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Warsaw leads Central Europe in foreign investment [citation needed] and needs a continued large inflow. GDP growth had been strong and steady from 1993 to 2000 with only a short slowdown from 2001 to 2002. The prospect of closer integration with the European Union has put the economy back on track, with growth of 3.7% annually in 2003, a rise from 1.4% annually in 2002. In 2004 GDP growth equalled 5.4%, and in 2005 3.3%. Forecasted GDP for 2006 is 5.5 - 6.0%.In 2007 the government has set a target for gdp growth at 6.5%-7.0%. Recntly they replaced the head of the National Bank Lech Balcerowicz for Slawomir Skrzypek. At first the markets reacted scepticly and fell but now they have stabalised and have seen a sharp rise wuth the warsaw stock exchange breaking records.

Although the Polish economy is currently undergoing economic progress, there are many challenges ahead. The most notable task on the horizon is the preparation of the economy (through continuing deep structural reforms) to allow Poland to meet the strict economic criteria for entry into the European Single Currency. There is much speculation as to just when Poland might be allowed to join the Eurozone, although the best guess estimates put the entry date somewhere between 2009 and 2013 [citation needed]. For now, Poland is preparing to make the Euro its official currency (though it has not joined the ERM yet), and the Złoty will eventually be abolished from the Polish economy.

Since joining the European Union, many young Polish people have left their country to work in other EU countries because of high unemployment, which is the highest in the EU (13.6% in November 2006).[4]

Products Poland produces include clothes, electronics, cars (including luxury car Leopard), buses (Autosan, Jelcz SA, Solaris, Solbus), helicopters (PZL Świdnik), transport equipment, locomotives, planes (PZL Mielec), ships, military engineering (including tanks, SPAAG systems), medicines (Polpharma, Polfa, etc), food, chemical products etc.

Info from - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland

Hungary Economy

Hungary continues to demonstrate economic growth as one of the newest member countries of the European Union (since 2004). The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Hungary gets nearly one third of all foreign direct investment flowing in to Central Europe. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment totalling more than US$23 billion since 1989. The Hungarian sovereign debt's credit rating is BBB+ as of July 2006, making Hungary the only other country in the EU apart from Poland not to enjoy an A grade score. Inflation and unemployment have been on the rise in the past few years, and they are expected to rise further. Foreign investors' trust in the Hungarian Economy has declined, as they deem that the stringency measures planned in the 2nd half of 2006 are not satisfactory, their focus being mainly on increasing the income side rather than curbing government spendings. Economic reform measures such as health care reform, tax reform, and local government financing are being addressed by the present government.

The Hungarian government has expressed a desire to adopt the euro currency in 2010. However, foreign analysts widely criticised that date as highly unrealistic given the current shape of the economy in relation to the Maastricht criteria; their assessments suggest that a date of 2013-2014 for Euro adoption is more realistic. Some analysts even go as far as to suggest that Romania and Bulgaria, who joined the EU in 2007, might beat Hungary to euro adoption.

Info from - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary

Czech Republic Economy

One of the most stable and prosperous of the post-Communist states, the Czech Republic has been recovering from recession since mid-1999. Growth in 2000-2001 was led by exports to the European Union, especially Germany, and foreign investment, while domestic demand is reviving. The rate of corruption remains one of the highest among OECD countries.

Uncomfortably high fiscal deficit is becoming a problem.

Moves to complete banking, telecommunications, and energy privatization will add to foreign investment, while intensified restructuring among large enterprises and banks and improvements in the financial sector should strengthen output growth.

The country is scheduled to fully implement the Schengen Agreement and therefore abolish the border controls with all of its neighbors (Germany, Austria, Poland, Slovakia) as of 31 December 2007.

The Czech government has expressed a desire to adopt the euro currency in 2010, but its introduction is only in the early planning stages and there are growing doubts whether budget deficit will not force postponement. More likely dates are 2011 or 2012.


Bulgaria Economy

Bulgaria's economy contracted dramatically after 1989 with the loss of the market of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) member states, to which the Bulgarian economy had been closely tied. The standard of living fell by about 40%, but it regained pre-1990 levels in June 2004. In addition, UN sanctions against Yugoslavia and Iraq took a heavy toll on the Bulgarian economy. The first signs of recovery emerged in 1994 when the GDP grew and inflation fell. During 1996, however, the economy collapsed due to lack of international economic support and an unstable banking system. Since 1997 the country has been on the path to recovery, with GDP growing at a 4 – 5% rate, increasing FDI, macroeconomic stability and EU membership.


Mall of Sofia with the only IMAX cinema in the Balkans
Tourism has always been a big industry in the country, and still booming: one of the 130 hotels in Slanchev Bryag, one of the most popular resorts in Eastern EuropeThe former government, elected in 2001, pledged to maintain the fundamental economic policy objectives adopted by its predecessor in 1997, i.e., retaining the Currency Board, practising sound financial policies, accelerating privatisation, and pursuing structural reforms. Economic forecasts for 2005 and 2006 predict continued growth in the Bulgarian economy. The annual year-on-year GDP growth for 2005 and 2006 is expected to total 5.3% and 6.0%, respectively. Industrial output for 2005 is forecast to rise by 11.9% year-on-year, and for 2006 — by 15.2% year-on-year. Unemployment for 2005 is projected at 11.5% and for 2006 — at about 9%. As of 2006 the GDP structure is: agriculture- 8.0%; industry-26,1%; services- 65.9%.

Agricultural output has decreased since 1989 but production is growing in the recent years. Farming is more important than stock-breeding. The prevalence of mechanisation is higher than most other Eastern European countries but there is lack of modern equipment. There are more than 150,000 tractors, 10,000 combines, alongside aeroplanes and other equipment. Production of the most important crops is: wheat-4,120,000 t; sunflower- 1,080,000 t; maize- 2,120,000 t; grapes- 500,000 t; tobacco- 79,000 t; tomatoes- 530,000 t; barley- 1,180,000 t; potatoes- 650,000 t; peppers- 213,000 t; cucumbers- 110,000 t; cherries- 75,000 ; watermelons- 420,000 t; cabbage- 340,000 t; apples- 150,000 t; plums-150,000 t; strawberries- 52,000 t.

Industry is of great importance for the economy. Although Bulgaria is not very rich in reserves of coal, oil, and gas, the country is a major producer of electricity and the most important exporter in the whole region due to the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant with a total capacity of 3,760 MW. A second plant, the Belene Nuclear Power Plant with a capacity of 2,000 MW is under construction. There is a $1,400,000,000 project for construction of an additional 670 MW for the 500 MW Maritza Iztok 1 TPP (see Energy in Bulgaria).

The production of steel and pig iron is concentrated in Kremikovtsi and Pernik. There is also a third metallurgical base in Debelt. In production of steel and steel products per capita the country is first in the Balkans.

Ferrous metallurgy is very important. The largest refineries for lead and zinc are in Plovdiv (the biggest refinery between Italy and the Ural mountains), Kurdzhali and Novi Iskar; for copper in Pirdop and Eliseina; for aluminium in Shumen. In production of many metals per capita, Bulgaria is first in South Eastern Europe and among the first in Europe and the world.

About 14% of the total industrial production is related to machine building and 24% of the people are employed in this field. Its importance decreased since 1989 but is growing again now. Electronics and electrical equipment production is very well developed. The largest centres are Sofia, Plovdiv and the area around, Botevgrad, Stara Zagora, Varna and many others. These plants produce household appliances, computers, CDs, telephones, medical and scientific equipment. Many of the factories producing transportation equipment do not work with full capacity. There are plants producing trains (Burgas, Dryanovo), trams (Sofia), trolleys (Dupnitsa), buses (Botevgrad), trucks (Shumen), motocars, automotive assembly plant in Lovech. The main centre of agricultural machinery is Ruse. Shipbuilding is concentrated in Varna, Burgas and Ruse. Arms production is mainly developed in central Bulgaria (Kazanlak, Sopot, Karlovo).

The property market has been boosted recently by foreigners seeking additional homes. These buyers come from right across Europe but the largest number are British, encouraged by comparatively cheap property and because the country is more accessible through low cost air travel.

Info from - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria

Belarus Economy

The Belarusian economy remains about 80% state-controlled, as it has been since Soviet times. The country is relatively stable, economically, but depends to a large extent on raw material supplies from its close ally Russia. Industry and agriculture remain largely in state hands. Belarus is therefore one of the very few state-capitalistic national economies remaining. Agriculture is dominated by collective farming, with the major sub-sectors the cultivation of potatoes and cattle breeding. Historically important branches of industry include textiles and wood processing. After 1965, creation of heavy industry and mechanical engineering (tractors, refrigerators) significantly strengthened the country's development. Within the Soviet Union, Belarus was one of the most industrially developed republics. Economically, Belarus engages itself in the Commonwealth of Independent States, Eurasian Economic Community and Union with Russia. After 1990, with the introduction of free market structures into the former Soviet Union, industrial production plunged. However, economic growth returned in 1996 and in 2001 Belarus was first of CIS countries to reach 1990 levels of industrial production and agricultural production. Gross domestic product (GDP) for 2005 was $79.13 billion (estimate), which equates to an annual income of approximately $7,700 dollar per head. In 2005 GDP increased by about 8-9%, with the inflation rate averaging about 8%. According to the UN, average monthly income grew from 20 United States dollars to 225 USD during the last 10 years.

The unemployment rate, according to Belarusian government statistics, was about 2% in 2005. However, foreign experts have suggested that the real rate is probably higher. More controversial is the decision to abandon the Belarusian ruble (BYR) in favor of the Russian ruble (RUB), starting on January 1, 2008, according to Russian news agency ITAR-TASS.[27]

The Belarusian economy is impacted by the political situations inside the republic. The impact is mostly felt in the form of sanctions against the country or the leadership of Belarus. For example, the European Union adopted Council Regulation (EC) No 765/2006 on 18 May 2006. The Regulation provided for a freeze on the funds of President Lukashenko and between 30 to 35 high-level officials of Belarus. The sanctions also provided for travel bans for the aforementioned leaders. The sanction was imposed by the EU after the nation-block declared that the 19 March 2006 elections were fraudulent and for the crackdown on opposition groups.


Info about Est European Country - I

As a cultural and ethnic concept, the term Eastern Europe was defined by 19th century German nationalists to be synonymous with "Slavic Europe", as opposed to Germanic (Western) Europe [citation needed]. This concept was re-enforced during the years leading up to World War II and was often used in a racist terminology to characterize Eastern/Slavic culture as being backwards and inferior to Western/Germanic culture, language, and customs (see Mein Kampf). Eastern Europe would then refer to the imaginary line which divided predominantly German lands from predominantly Slavic lands. The dividing line has thus changed over time as a result of the World Wars, as well as numerous expulsions and genocides.

As the ideological division of the Cold War has now disappeared, the cultural division of Europe between Western Christianity, on the one hand, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Islam, on the other, has reemerged. It follows the so-called Huntington line of "clashing civilizations" corresponding roughly to the eastern boundary of Western Christianity in the year 1500. This line runs along what are now the eastern boundaries separating Norway, Finland, Estonia and Latvia from Russia, continues east of Lithuania, cuts in northwestern Ukraine, swings westward separating Transylvania from the rest of Romania, and then along the line now separating Slovenia and Croatia from the rest of ex-Yugoslavia. In the Balkans this line coincides with the historic border between the Hungarian Kingdom (later Habsburg) and Ottoman empires, whereas in the north it marks the then eastern boundaries of Kingdom of Sweden and Teutonic Order, and the subsequent spread of Lutheran Reformation. The peoples to the west and north of the Huntington line are Protestant or Catholic; they shared most of the common experiences of Western European history -- feudalism, the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution.

The 1995 and 2004 enlargements arguably brought the European Union's eastern border up to the boundary between Western and Eastern Orthodox civilizations. Most of Europe's historically Protestant and Roman Catholic countries (with the exception of Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Croatia, and the various European microstates) were now EU members, while most of Europe's historically Eastern Orthodox countries (with the exception of Greece and Cyprus) were outside the EU. This is, however, temporary, as the 2007 accession of Bulgaria and Romania, both predominantly Eastern Orthodox and located in Southeastern Europe, is going to shift the EU's borders further east to reach the west coast of the Black Sea.

A view that Europe is divided strictly into the West and the East is considered pejorative by many in the nominally eastern countries. For example, many people in Estonia, Poland, Latvia, the Czech Republic or Slovenia may feel the label stigmatizing in comparison with countries that successfully have asserted their belonging to "the West" despite their equally, or more, "eastern" location — and history as parts of Imperial Russia (Finland) or Eastern Orthodoxy (Greece). Czechs, for instance, will often point out that Prague is significantly west of Vienna, but Austria is never categorized as Eastern Europe.

On the other hand, the approbative term "New Europe" has been coined by neoconservative Americans to describe those former Eastern-Bloc countries which disavow the antipathy towards the politics of the United States that is common in Western Europe

Info from - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe

Info about Est European Country

The region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Central Europe and Russia. This contemporary delineation is more commonly used to identify the region since the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact

A diverse area of land stretching from east to west as follows:
- its eastern limit is either the Ural Mountains within Russia or from the Pacific coast of the Russian Far East
- its western limit is the boundary between the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States (sometimes excluding Kaliningrad).
Politically, "Eastern Europe" may in fact cover all of northeastern Eurasia, since Russia is one single transcontinental geopolitical entity. Cyprus is also frequently taken to be a European state, although geographically it is in Asia. The same approach is also sometimes taken with the post-Soviet states of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan in the Caucasus.

The boundaries of Eastern Europe can be subject to considerable overlap and fluctuation depending on the context they are used in, which makes differentiation difficult. As is also true of continents, regions are only social constructs and should not be understood as physical features defined by abstract, neutral criteria.

In recent years, with the spreading of the European Union, many countries in Eastern Europe have sharply increased their economies, quality of life and cities. This has also boosted tourism, the film industry, and even, to a lesser extent, immigration.

In many outdated sources, the term "Eastern Europe" still encompasses most, or all, such European countries that until the end of the Cold War (around 1989) were Communist states or countries under Soviet influence, i.e., the former "Eastern Bloc". The majority of people in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Slovenia often consider their countries to be part of Central Europe rather than Eastern Europe, while many sources, especially in English-speaking countries continue to classify these countries as Eastern Europe.

As a term, the origins of "Eastern Europe" are fairly recent. For many years serfdom and reactionary autocratic governments persisted long after those things faded in the West. It was always a very vague notion, however, and many countries in the region did not fit the stereotypical view.

More recently, the term "Eastern Europe" has been used to refer to all European countries that were previously ruled by Communist regimes - the so-called "Eastern Bloc". The idea of an "Iron Curtain" separating "Western Europe" and Soviet-controlled "Eastern Europe" was dominant throughout the period of Cold War which followed the Second World War. This dualism failed to account fully for some exceptions, as Yugoslavia and Albania were Communist states outside Moscow's control. In recent years, since the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991), the term "Eastern Europe" is sometimes used to identify a region, in effect retroactively, as consisting only of those European countries that were parts of the Soviet Union itself.

Info from - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe

New blog for business

Today I start esteuropeanbusiness blog. Here you will find informations about business from Est Europe, informations like: new websites for business, ad classifieds, companies from Eastern Europe, etc.

Eastern Europe country are: Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine.